TRANSFORMATIO: Jurnal Teologi, Pendidikan, dan Misi Integral
pISSN: 3025-4841 | eISSN: 3031-1217 | DOI Prefix: 10.61719 TRANSFORMATIO : Journal of Theology, Education and Integral Mission is a journal specifically designed to publish scientific articles both in Indonesian and English, especially those related to the theme of God's people and the transformation of society. Research published in this journal can be in the form of literature research or field research.
Lynne M. Baab is an author of various books and Bible studies, as well as a Presbyterian minister. She completed her Ph.D. in communication at the University of Washington in 2007 and later taught pastoral theology at the University of Otago. Her bestselling book, Sabbath Keeping, was selected for the Urbana Missions Conference more than a decade after its publication. It is the first Christian book on the Sabbath that draws on dozens of interviews with people who practice Sabbath-keeping in real life. The Sabbath is explored as a way to experience God's grace, with practical suggestions given on "what to stop doing on the Sabbath" and "what to do to draw closer to God."
Copyright (c) 2025 TRANSFORMATIO: Jurnal Teologi, Pendidikan, dan Misi Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This book aims to assist Christian educators—or those preparing to become educators—who work in Christian schools, other private schools, charter schools, international schools, online (cyber) schools, public schools, or who homeschool. Its goal is to help them intentionally develop a personal philosophy of education based on a Christian perspective on life and learning. The author takes an interactive approach to achieve this aim. In sections that require reflection on key ideas, readers are encouraged to pause, reflect, and write as they follow the guidance and suggestions provided by the author.
The whole church taking the whole gospel to the whole world” is the slogan of the Lausanne Movement. As disciples of Christ, we need to realize that proclaiming the Word of God is the responsibility of all of us—not just pastors and missionaries.
Exploring The Life, The Missions, And Legacy Of Ernest And Phebe Ward
This article introduces the life and legacy of the pioneering Free Methodist missionaries to India – Phebe Ward (1950-1910) and her husband Ernest Ward (1953-1937). The Wards worked in central India during 1881-1927. Evangelism and social work went hand in hand in their ministry. Their central message was Christian holiness.
The issue of church involvement in the political sphere remains a significant point of debate within Indonesia’s pluralistic and religious society. On one hand, the church is called to be a prophetic voice advocating for justice and truth; on the other, concerns about the contamination of worldly interests lead many to reject the idea of the church’s active engagement in practical politics. This paper aims to systematically examine church members’ understanding and attitudes toward politics, particularly regarding the dualism between Christian spirituality and civic responsibility. This study employs a descriptive quantitative approach, using data collected through an online survey of 518 respondents from various Evangelical church denominations across four major islands of Indonesia. The questionnaire was based on a five-point Likert scale to measure levels of political participation and the factors influencing it. The findings indicate that most respondents hold ambivalent views toward politics; while they acknowledge the importance of justice and morality in national life, they maintain a distance from practical politics due to theological and historical reasons. These findings highlight the need for contextually grounded political education rooted in public theology within church settings. In this way, the church can continue to fulfill its prophetic and ethical role without compromising its spiritual integrity within the context of the Pancasila state.
Preaching Psalm 137 for Collective Trauma Healing
This article describes the function of preaching Psalm 137 for collective trauma healing. Interpreting the text through the lens of trauma produces the homiletic imagination necessary for preparing the sermon. The words “remembrance” and “forgetting,” which appear in Psalm 137, demonstrate the sermon’s role in the healing of collective trauma. In the final part of this article, the author shares her experience preaching Psalm 137 with the aim of healing collective trauma.
A Qualitative Study on the Motivation of Individuals to Become Teachers at a Christian School in Bandung
This study aims to identify the factors that motivate individuals to choose the teaching profession at a Christian school in Bandung, as well as to examine the extent to which school policies support teachers in maintaining their profession. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method involving five participants with diverse backgrounds in terms of gender, marital status, and education. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using coding techniques to identify key themes. The results of the study indicate that intrinsic motivation, such as a life calling and passion for the profession, are the main factors that drive individuals to become teachers. Extrinsic motivations, such as economic needs, working conditions, and recognition, play a larger role in sustaining the profession. Additionally, altruistic motivations, such as the desire to reach students' hearts and introduce Christian values, were also found to support the decision to become a teacher. This study provides practical implications for schools to enhance policies that support teachers' well-being, create a conducive work environment, and offer adequate recognition to retain teachers in the long term.
Gospel Communication in a Pluralistic Society
This article explores Gospel communication within the context of religious pluralism in Indonesia, drawing on the theological foundations of the Lausanne Movement and the ideological framework of Pancasila. It conceptualizes Gospel communication as an integral mission—combining the proclamation of the good news of Jesus Christ with the demonstration of God’s love through concrete actions. This holistic approach, as articulated in the Lausanne Covenant, further developed in the Manila Manifesto and the Cape Town Commitment, emphasizes the inseparability of word and deed in Christian mission. Simultaneously, the first principle of Pancasila—“Belief in the One and Only God”—provides a philosophical and constitutional basis for religious harmony and tolerance in the Indonesian context. Through a literature-based approach, this study examines the points of convergence and potential areas of tension between integral Gospel communication and the principles of religious tolerance embedded in Pancasila. The findings aim to contribute to a deeper theological and sociopolitical understanding of Christian witness in a pluralistic society.
Journal Transformatio Editorial Vol 2 No 1
"The Gospel is the power of God that saves everyone who believes" (Rom. 1:16). The Gospel not only transforms the lives of believers, but it also has the power to transform families, cities, and nations. The proclamation and demonstration of the Gospel continue to be carried out by believers so that all nations may come to know and worship Him as Lord and Savior. The Gospel first came in the context of Jewish culture. However, it is intended for all cultures of the nations of the world. Just as God promised Abraham: "Through your offspring all nations on earth will be blessed" (Gen. 22:18), which has been fulfilled by and in Jesus Christ (Gal. 3:16); thus, the Gospel becomes a blessing for all cultures of the nations.
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A Dialogue Between John Stott and Samsul Maarif: A Mission Proposal Through the Lens of Intersubjectivity and Ecotheology
The Indonesian government has provided space for adherents of indigenous religions to register their religion on their ID cards based on the Decision of the Indonesian Constitutional Court. In fact, freedom of religion or belief should be implemented as a natural right, inherent in every person or citizen, and not granted by the state (Keputusan No. 97/PUU-VII/2016, 149-150). In other words, indigenous peoples should not be forced to believe in beliefs to which they do not adhere. This is because indigenous peoples are not objects to be converted to religions that have been recognized by the Indonesian government first. Then, how can evangelism, which is the Great Commission, be carried out? By dialogue between John Stott's evangelism and social action thinking and Samsul Maarif's intersubjective thinking, I will propose an evangelism with an intersubjective lens and ecotheology that is friendly to indigenous peoples and all creation. To achieve this proposal, I will divide this article into five parts. First, I will present Stott's evangelism and social action thinking. Second, I will explain Yosia's thoughts on dialogue. Third, I will convey the ups and downs of indigenous peoples in the Indonesian political vortex. Fourth, I will describe Maarif's intersubjective thinking. Finally, I will provide a conclusion in the form of a proposal regarding evangelism from an intersubjective and ecotheological lens. In my opinion, with this lens, evangelism can be friendlier to indigenous peoples and all creation.
Sebuah pernyataan menarik dari Dick Clark seorang eksekutif leadership terkemuka mengatakan bahwa, “Faktanya adalah, budaya memakan strategi untuk makan siang. Anda bisa saja mempunyai strategi yang baik, namun jika Anda tidak memiliki budaya dan sistem pendukungnya, budaya organisasi akan mengalahkan strategi tersebut.” (halaman 17). Lantas bagaimana kondisi gereja saat ini? Tentu menjadi tantangan yang besar bagi para pemimpin dalam memimpin jemaat, membuat program, berkotbah, mengelola staf, sehingga mereka belum tentu berpikir tentang budaya di gereja mereka atau budaya yang mereka inginkan; lagi pula kalaupun ada, budaya itu sulit untuk diterangkan. Tanpa sadar, dengan berjalannya waktu, gereja hanya mengalir dengan program-program tanpa ada dampak perubahan yang nyata. Berkenaan dengan hal ini, Malphurs mengingatkan bahwa pemimpin adalah harapan dalam menggerakkan gereja dan “kunci dari kesuksesan pemimpin (pria atau wanita) ditentukan seberapa luas pemahaman dan pembentukan budaya gereja” (halaman 7).
Jauh di dalam lubuk hatinya manusia di sepanjang sejarah senantiasa bergumul akan makna hidupnya. Buku berjudul “Courage and Calling” setebal 300 halaman ini menuntun para pembacanya untuk memahami “calling” (panggilan) dari sudut pandang iman Kristen. Penulisnya, Gordon T. Smith, adalah presiden dari Ambrose University dan Seminary di Calgary, Alberta. Ia mengajar teologi sistematika dan spiritualitas. Buku-buku lain yang ditulisnya: Called to Be Saints, Spiritual Direction, dan Consider Your Calling. Keunikan buku ini dibanding buku-buku sejenis lainnya adalah penjelasan Smith tentang arti panggilan yang diungkapkannya dalam 3 bagian berbeda – Smith meyakini bahwa Allah memanggil manusia dalam tiga cara, yaitu: (1) Panggilan untuk menjadi seorang pengikut Kristus, (2) Panggilan spesifik yang secara langsung terkait dengan keterlibatan tiap individu di tengah dunia, dan (3) Tanggung jawab yang harus dihadapi hari lepas sehari.
the challenge of gospel work among the Sundanese people, 1863-1930, with a particular focus on Hendrik Kraemer
The Sundanese people are a majority Muslim ethnic group whose homeland is in West Java, Indonesia. The vast majority of the roughly 40 million Sundanese people still live in West Java, with relatively few leaving their province to seek fortune and adventure elsewhere, unlike several other ethnic groups in Indonesia. The Sundanese are known for their friendly attitudes and gentleness, as well as for their strong religious identity. Although they have lived near external influence for centuries (West Java is the province surrounding the Indonesian capital city of Jakarta), there has been relatively little in the way of movements of faith towards Jesus. Even today, the percentage of Sundanese people identifying as Christians is below 0.5% according to the Joshua Project,[1] and that includes many who identify as Christian because of family or locality rather than only those who are active followers of Jesus. There have been centuries of Christian missionary work in West Java but with relatively little success. Over the years, several missiologists and practicians have contemplated the possible reasons for this, which we will examine in this paper. My intention is for this essay to serve as a basis for further research into the Sundanese people and culture, and to suggest some possible ways forward. This longer project must begin with surveying previous approaches to understanding Sundanese people, culture, and religion.
A Naganized Christianity from the Perspective of the Ao-Nagas
The Ao-Nagas are one of the 17 major tribes of the Naga nation. Religion occupies a central place in the life of an Ao. In the traditional Ao understanding, religion was not and is not a moral code but a convention. With the coming of the first foreign missionaries to the Aos, 1872 marked the establishment of the Church in the Ao country. However, many foreign missionaries had a discriminatory attitude towards the Nagas. Every messenger of the Gospel has the tendency to convey it in terms of their own cultural worldview and sometimes biases. The foreign missionaries failed to look at the Naga culture without their imperialistic and culturally biased foreign lenses, thus, failing to understand and engage with the Naga culture. As a result, the introduction and spread of Christianity in the Naga country had both positive and negative effects. Ao culture and religion, in terms of Christianity’s spread, served as a preparatory foundation for the coming of the Gospel. The culturally biased approach of the foreign missionaries blinded them to that fact and stood contrary to the true spirit, heart, and essence of mission – love. The Church is called to live and work on the earth and not apart from it, thus, requiring her to engage with cultures in a way that brings transformation, not termination of cultures.
Ao-Naga; Contextualization; Tsüngrem; Cultural Lenses; Worldviews; Religion; Colonial; Imperial; Christian Missions
Analysis of Hedonistic Lifestyle in the Society of Manado City:
"Better to lose rice than to lose action." This phrase is closely related to the hedonistic lifestyle of the people of Manado City. It’s a slogan that is widely recognized and often associated with the local community, which tends to adopt a hedonistic way of life. It’s no surprise that this slogan has emerged in this community, given the prevailing lifestyle tendencies. Behind this, however, lies an undeniable fact: the majority of Manado's population adheres to Christianity, which should ideally foster strong Christian spirituality. In other words, as followers of Christ, they are expected to emulate His lifestyle. This study analyzes Henri Nouwen's perspective on spirituality in relation to the hedonistic lifestyle phenomenon in Manado City. The goal is to provide a solid spiritual foundation and offer an alternative perspective that encourages the community to live a life oriented around Christian values, replacing the focus on luxury and worldly pleasures."
Journal Transformatio Editorial Vol 1 No 2
Eight centuries before a babe was born and given the name “God with us,” Isaiah saw the Lord sitting on his throne as the seraphim cried. A threefold call of divine, transcendant holiness fills the prophet’s senses. The LORD of armies sits apart. This God is completely unlike the statues carved of wood. And before this burning holiness, Isaiah confesses his woe as one unclean. There is a stark divide here, between the purity of the King and the shame of His people. Often theologians take that line and move it. We move it from between heaven and earth, to among our spheres of work, family, and church. We sever Monday to Friday from Sunday. We hastily divide ourselves from God and preach separated from our world.
According to the Head of the Education and Training Center of the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, the projected population of Indonesia in 2035 is estimated to reach 305 million and is predicted to increase to 348 million by 2050. Of this population, about 230 million are in the productive age group, that is, ages 15 to 64. This phenomenon is known as a demographic bonus, a crucial momentum for the advancement of the nation, offering substantial potential in terms of human resources and economic potential that can be optimized to advance the nation. In this context, the youth, as the largest population, become the main narrative pioneers. A careful response to the demographic bonus by Christian youth ministry is essential to equip them. This paper aims to propose ideas and concepts for the role of Christian youth ministry in responding to the demographic bonus. By integrating the Indonesian generation theory: “Generation Back to Roots” by Muhammad Faisal and linking it with the Transformative Urban Youth Ministry Model from the Center for Youth Service Study and Development (PSPPKM), this study highlights that a proper understanding of the generation, as developed by Faisal, provides relevant solutions to prepare the young generation to face the demographic bonus. The Indonesian generation theory, built using the archetype theory based on the history and social conditions of each generation, provides a unique foundation for understanding the generation in depth. Meanwhile, PSPPKM, with its model, forms the youth as agents of shalom to be involved in transforming their cities, supported by in-depth research on Indonesian Christian youth. Through constructive dialogue between these findings, this paper offers two main ideas in youth services: first, services rooted in Indonesian culture and history, connecting the faith of young people with their identity as Indonesian citizens who have a unique culture and history; second, services that contribute to the transformation of the nation, where the youth become active agents of shalom in various aspects of Indonesia’s development.
Transformative Urban Youth Ministry Model
The Groups Of Liberated Christians: Kyai Sadrach's Integral Mission And Its Relevance For The Church Today
God situates the church in the midst of a world that is sinful and suffering, so that the church can proclaim and demonstrate the Gospel, so that more and more people will taste and enjoy a life of true peace. Kyai Sadrach and his community which was called Golongane Wong Kristen Kang Mardika was a church that God has brought to the land of Java, which proclaimed and demonstrated the Gospel, so that many Javanese people experienced its real impact. This article explores the integral mission ministry that they used and draws its relevance for the church today. The research method used is qualitative, with comprehensive literature study data collection techniques, analyzing data, and presenting it according to the topic and research objectives. The results of the study show that Kyai Sadrach and his community carried out integral mission: evangelism, educational mission, discipleship mission, social mission, economic mission, health mission, ecological mission, and cultural mission; which had a major impact on the growth of the Javanese church. Therefore, the church today must be a church that is missional, contextual, and virtuous, so that the presence of the church to bring the shalom of God's Kingdom to the world is truly felt by many people.
Between Mathematics, Theology,And The City
These days, urban expansion and its associated social and ecological challenges are unavoidable. The clever yet morally upright people who create changes in this circumstance are one of the answers. I argued that a K–12 education can aid in the formation of morally upright and competent individuals. My argument is that, in order for students to eventually transform the city, a theological foundation for mathematics instruction can help them improve their character and cognitive abilities. Because of this, a theological perspective on mathematics education can help students grow as individuals and advance society by enhancing their knowledge. In line with the assertion, I think that the definition of mathematics and theology, their shared goal, and the ways in which they might help students become more morally upright constitute the intersection of these two fields. Trust, direction, and articulation are the end results. Trust is an invitation to consider and devise solutions for ecological and social issues. Direction is an invitation to map out the answer based on completed reflection. Finally, articulation is the attempt to carry out a decision in light of reflection.
When the question is asked, “What is Preaching?” various responses are possible. While some may try to describe its essential contents, others may describe the various methods of sermonic construction and the various genres in preaching. However, the aim of this article is to discuss the four viewpoints of preaching and then categorise them in a spectrum. To achieve that, it engages with the philosophy, nature, theology and practice of preaching.
Online Preaching as Spiritual Practice:A Qualitative Study of Preachers' Experiences in Several Churches in Bandung
This article aims to examine the shifting impact of conventional preaching to online preaching during the pandemic on the preacher's understanding of online preaching as a spiritual practice. Using phenomenology, a qualitative method, the researchers explored how online preaching experiences of five pastors in three different churches in Bandung affected their understanding of online preaching as a spiritual practice. The results indicate that the respondents adapted to online preaching because of the awareness of the congregation's need to hear God's Word during the pandemic. Respondents also maintain the biblical meaning of preaching as sacred preaching, conveying the message of the living God and applicable. Respondents experience spiritual experiences in online preaching. Respondents found advantages and disadvantages to online preaching, namely being able to reach listeners extensively and intensively, but it depends on unstable technology and is limited in personal ministry. The results of this study will help churches, seminaries, and preaching scholars in equipping God's servants to be better preachers of the living Word of God.
The book Philosophy of Christian Education is a book written by Khoe Yao Tung to help Christian educators understand the basis or foundations of Christian education. This book is one of the books by Khoe Yao Tung which is quite well known and is often used as a reference by Christian educators because this book was written through his experience of approximately 20 years in the world of education. Khoe Yao Tung is an educator, writer and lecturer. He has written more than two dozen books covering the fields of Physics, Mathematics, Computers, Management and Education. Apart from that, Khoe Yao Tung has also served in the MPK organization (2007-2012), DPP Indonesian Lecturers Association (2017-2022), served as head of IPEKA Christian School Curriculum Development and founded The Indonesian Chapter of Christian Education.
When readers see the title of this book, the first impression that can be felt is how unique and intelligent the author's choice of words is. It is clear that the meaning of this book is to state that there are two basic truths in all aspects of human life, namely the activity of worshiping God and the daily work activities of humans in the world. These two things can never be separated in human life, therefore humans must glorify God through the work we are entrusted with, we must work, work to worship, work to worship and glorify God.
The book Writing/Reading the Bible in Postcolonial Perspective, hereinafter referred to as "this book," provides a powerful revolution in biblical studies. This book was written by Steed Vernyl Davidson who is Associate Professor of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament at McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago IL. He served as dean of the faculty and vice chancellor for academic affairs. Davidson focuses on the critical interpretation of biblical texts, his work emphasizing inquiry into the reading of texts through critical lenses such as postcolonial studies, gender and feminist studies, critical-geography, and critical-race theory.
Sabbath Principles for Recovery Of Urban Community Life
The Sabbath principle has an important role in the restoration of complex urban communities. Cities as centers of economic and social activity are often faced with various challenges such as social inequality, poverty, labor exploitation, flexing , and environmental degradation. By adhering to the Sabbath principle, it is hoped that urban communities can adopt a healthy lifestyle and ensure that economic benefits are felt by all levels of society. The research method of this paper uses library research methods. This method involves analysis, synthesis, and interpretation of previously published information in the form of books, dissertations, journal articles, reports, online sources, and other written works relevant to the topic of the Sabbath. The Sabbath, as a holy day, has not only spiritual influence but also significant social impact. First, the principle of Sabbath as the basis for liberation from modern slavery. This section emphasizes the importance of remembering origins and liberation, and promoting the values of equality, justice and social solidarity. This principle emphasizes that balance in life, both spiritually and socially, is the key to creating a just and prosperous society and reflects God's role as liberator. Second, the principle of Sabbath as the basis for a self-sufficient lifestyle is still very relevant in facing the challenges of urban society today. In the midst of city life that offers excessive consumption and economic imbalance, a self-sufficient lifestyle helps us to avoid greed, prioritize economic justice, and share with those who are poor and needy. Third, the Sabbath principle is a regulation of the rhythm of life that God has given us, so that we can properly understand the need for rest for our body and soul. Fourth, the Sabbath also has an important role in restoring various things in the lives and economy of urban communities. The Sabbath principle has an important role in restoring social relations, maintaining economic stability, improving performance, and supporting environmental conservation. By understanding and practicing the concept of Sabbath, urban communities can build a balanced society with the values of equality, justice and solidarity.
Navigate the Sacred-Secular Divide with Reformed Intellectual Patience In Indonesia
The Indonesian Reformed Calvinist theologian must appropriately consider the “sacred-secular divide” (SSD) in order to participate constructively and harmoniously in her context, because despite claims otherwise, practices that separate times and places from divine rule shape her life. She possesses a wealth of resources to enable this from within her theological tradition (Kuyper), from contemporary but non-co-located colleagues (Bailey, Doornbos, McClean, and Webster), and from her immediate social and cultural context (modern pluralistic Indonesia). In light of this, I propose that Christian intellectual patience is a virtue that she can pursue for her to faithfully flourish, because it responds Christianly to both where and when she finds herself. To reach this conclusion we survey the sources and feel the pressure of navigating a night amongst the Indonesian jungle where Wewe Gombel lurks.
Harmony, Indonesia, Neo-Calvinist, Pancasila, Patience, Reformed Theology, Sacred-Secular Divide, Virtue
Cities are strategic places because cities are economic centers, cultural mixing centers, educational centers, technology centers and so on. . However, it is also necessary to realize that urban missions are very complex, both regarding the various opportunities and facilities that are available and widely open, as well as challenges and difficulties that are not easy to face. For this reason, STTB presents a new journal, namely: Transformatio: Journal of Integral Theology, Education, and Mission This first edition of the Transformatio journal is dedicated to discussing various issues that arise in the context of urban services. Contains articles that discuss urban issues, it is hoped that they can make a significant contribution to academic thinking regarding urban services.
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Howard G. Hendrick is an educator and Christian leader who has dedicated his life to Christian education for more than 50 years. Talbot School of Theology, Biola University in California, America even designated him as one of the Christian educators of the twentieth century who had an influence in shaping Christian education. This can also be seen from the Christian leaders he has trained and who have become people who have had an influence in the world of Christianity.
Sarinah Lo is a lecturer and head of the Master of Christian Education study program at the Bandung Theological College. Sarinah received her Ph.D degree in education from Trinity Theological Seminary, United States. Sarinah wrote this book based on the results of her dissertation which explored the perceptions of Christian teaching staff in Indonesia regarding the integration of faith and science in a more holistic approach which includes: (1) Being - emphasizing the teacher as an integrator, (2) Knowing - namely the teacher's understanding of the relationship between faith and scientific discipline; and (3) Doing – emphasizes the influence of teachers' faith on their educational practices. This book consists of five chapters. The first chapter contains the background, problem formulation, objectives and significance of the research and contains definitions of the terms used in this book. Chapter two contains a literature review regarding history, definitions, approaches, empirical research and challenges in implementing the integration of faith and science. Chapter three covers the research methodology. Chapter four discusses discovery. Finally, chapter 5 contains conclusions and practical implications of the research.
Qualitative Study Regarding The Factors That Form The Behavior of Correct Living of Christian Religions With Other Religions
Living in harmony between religious adherents is an important condition for creating a harmonious life in a pluralistic society like Indonesia. Therefore, this qualitative research aims to find out the factors that influence the formation of harmonious living behavior among Christians and adherents of other religions. Thirteen lay congregations from six churches were selected through purposeful sampling. The data was obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted by telephone and online.The findings show that there are three factors that can influence the formation of behavior in living in harmony with adherents of other religions. The first factor is the individual's faith in carrying out the Word of God, which includes accepting equality and differences, loving others, and living in peace with others. The second factor is positive experiences in life when relating and interacting with adherents of other religions. And the third factor is the social environment in which the individual lives, grows, and socializes, which includes family, church community, and the influence of Christian leaders who become his references. Another finding obtained through this research is that there are several factors that can hinder the formation of harmonious living behavior with adherents of other religions, namely negative experiences experienced in life when relating and interacting, as well as obstacles originating from theological-doctrinal issues which in turn influence sociological or cultural relationships. Or vice versa, obstacles from sociological issues but ultimately have theological implications, namely exclusivism, fanaticism and prejudice.